Integrated Energy Microgrids: Architecture, Control and Applications by Guidong Zhang & Jun Yuan & Zhong Li & Yun Zhang

Author:Guidong Zhang & Jun Yuan & Zhong Li & Yun Zhang
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783032149183
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Published: 2026-06-15T00:00:00+00:00

4.3.2 Distributed Control Architecture

The distributed control architecture centers on a MAS [24] [25] [26], and its operational principles are rooted in the autonomy and collaborative nature of these agents. In this framework, each agent functions like an independent “local manager”, responsible for energy management within its designated area. For example, in a microgrid comprising multiple distributed energy resources [27] [28] [29], energy storage systems, and loads, a distributed generation agent can monitor its own power generation status in real time-such as the solar irradiance for photovoltaic panels or wind speed for turbines-and autonomously adjust its output power based on this information to maximize generation efficiency. An energy storage system agent closely tracks its own state of charge and the microgrid’s power demand. When there is a power surplus in the microgrid, it independently decides to charge and store the excess electricity; during power shortages, it discharges promptly to supplement supply. A load agent, considering both user electricity demand and electricity price signals, optimally schedules the operation timing and power levels of electrical devices to achieve economical electricity consumption.

These agents do not operate in isolation. They are closely interconnected via a communication network, functioning like a highly efficient collaborative team capable of exchanging information and working together to accomplish complex energy management tasks. The communication network serves as a bridge for information exchange among agents, enabling them to stay informed about each other’s status and needs in a timely manner. The distributed control architecture is shown in Fig. 4.9. For instance, when a distributed generation agent detects an impending surplus in power generation, it sends a message through the communication network to the energy storage system agent and load agent, notifying them that excess electricity will soon be available. Upon receiving this information, the energy storage system agent decides whether to accept the electricity for charging based on its own state of charge and remaining capacity. Meanwhile, the load agent adjusts the operation schedule of flexible loads according to user priority and real-time electricity prices, prioritizing the use of this low-cost energy to achieve highly efficient energy utilization.

Fig. 4.9Distributed control architecture

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